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Websites for Publishing Writing

Are you looking for a new website to publish your freelance writing? Many websites allow you to make money by publishing online, including writing articles, reviews, paid forum posting, or poetry. As you probably know, there are websites that pay a hefty sum for writing and websites that pay pennies for hours worth of work.

That is why I have created this list of 101 websites for the freelance writer. (Since it's creation, it's grown to many more than 101 websites and gets bigger every month.) The list has the ranking feature. If you have experience writing for one of these websites, you can help make this list great by voting for your favorite website, or leaving a comment about a website that isn't current in the list. To vote on a writing website, simply click the up arrow to the left of the website link. Finally, some of the links direct you to reviews of the website to provide you with more information. The review will always provide a direct link to sign up at the freelance writing website, if you wish to do so.

If you are new to freelance writing, you may want to check out, "How to Become a Freelance Writer of Web Content," for tips on how to make your writing more successful.

Freelance Article Writing Websites

55 Websites Where a Freelance Writer Can Publish Articles

The Ancient World
home | 6th-15th centuries | 16-17th centuries | 18-19th centuries | 1901 to World War II | 1945 to 21st century
Before 1000 BCE

Billions of Years -- a scientific theory -- from the earth's beginning to human species
Dinosaurs, Birds, and Survival -- a focus on the Triasic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods
Genes, Ageing and Evolution -- creature biologies
Biology, the Brain and History -- distribution of differences among humans
Origins of War -- from tribal raiding to empire
Primal Religions -- hunter-gatherers, agricultural gods and sacrifice, early civilization
Civilizations before 1000 BCE -- Africa, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, the Americas, Europe, Canaan
1000 BCE to CE 500 -- Survival, Power and War

India, Empire and Chaos -- rise and fall of the Maurya and Gupta empires
Empire and the Ancient Chinese -- monarchy and rebellion from the Zhou to Liu-Song dynasties
Middle East Empires and Judaism, to the 400s BCE -- Israel, Judah, Assyrians, Persians and the rise of Judaism
Greeks, Democracy and Slavery -- Draconian Athens, Sparta, Athenian democracy, the culture of slavery
The Greeks at War, 494 to 371 BCE -- the Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian Wars and end of Spartan power
Alexander the Great and Hellenistic Civilization -- empire, dissintegration, Jews and failed revolutions
The Roman Republic -- Rise and Demise to Augustus Caesar
The Roman Empire Declines and Disintegrates -- Augustus Caesar to the last emperor in the West
The Parthian and Sassanid Empires -- more rise and fall
Africa, Iron and Empire -- the Nubians, iron in the west, Askum and Meroe, the Bantu
The Ancient Japanese -- from the legend of Jimmu to the rise of the Yamato dynasty
The Americas, Southeast Asia and Oceania -- the Olmecs and Teotihuacán, Maya, Polynesians
Attempts at Knowledge and Wisdom after 1000 BCE

Hindus, Jains, and the Buddha -- changing Hinduism, the Upanishads, Buddhists, epic literature
Religion and Philosophy in China -- conqurors, human sacrifice, Confucius, Mozi, Buddhism, Taoism, I-ching
Confucianism and Buddhism to Korea -- from animism to wars fought under the banner of Buddhism
Myths among the Ancient Japanese -- Creation, and ancestors descended from the gods
Religion, Myth and the Ancient Greeks -- stories by Homer and Hesiod, cults, resurrection, the Olympics and war
Greek philosophers before Socratics -- Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras, Xenophanese, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, et cetera
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle -- gods of Homer, nature of idea, categories and science
Cynics, Skeptics, Stoics and Epicureans -- Antithenes, Diogenes, Pyrrho, Arcesilaus, Zeno of Citium, Epicurus
The Gods of Early Rome -- heavenly bodies, religious authority, importations, anti-druids, family values
Philosophy and the Roman Empire-- Cicero, Senaca, Plutarch, Lucian, Marcus Aurelius, Galen, Plotinus
Ancient Zoroastrians -- gods and the Persians, Zarathustra, optimism against evil
Manichaeism, a Universalist Faith -- the prophet Mani and his demise, 3rd century CE
Hellenism and Jews -- cultural diffusions, integration and trade versus religious traditionalists
Jews and Christianity, to 500 CE -- 2nd century BCE to Augustine in the 5th century CE

http://www.lumosity.com/personal-training-plan

European Histrorical dates from 1933

1933

January 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000.

February 22, 1933 - 40,000 SA and SS men are sworn in as auxiliary police.

February 27, 1933 - Nazis burn Reichstag building to create crisis atmosphere.

February 28, 1933 - Emergency powers granted to Hitler as a result of the Reichstag fire.

March 22, 1933 - Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women.

March 24, 1933 - German Parliament passes Enabling Act giving Hitler dictatorial powers.

See also: The History Place - Rise of Hitler

April 1, 1933 - Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.

April 11, 1933 - Nazis issue a Decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith."

April 26, 1933 - The Gestapo is born, created by Hermann Göring in the German state of Prussia.

May 10, 1933 - Burning of books in Berlin and throughout Germany.

July 14, 1933 - Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany; Also, Nazis pass Law to strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German citizenship.

In July - Nazis pass law allowing for forced sterilization of those found by a Hereditary Health Court to have genetic defects.

In September - Nazis establish Reich Chamber of Culture, then exclude Jews from the Arts.

September 29, 1933 - Nazis prohibit Jews from owning land.

October 4, 1933 - Jews are prohibited from being newspaper editors.

November 24, 1933 - Nazis pass a Law against Habitual and Dangerous Criminals, which allows beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to concentration camps.



1934

January 24, 1934 - Jews are banned from the German Labor Front.

May 17, 1934 - Jews not allowed national health insurance.

June 30, 1934 - The Night of Long Knives occurs as Hitler, Göring and Himmler conduct a purge of the SA (storm trooper) leadership.

July 20, 1934 - The SS (Schutzstaffel) is made an independent organization from the SA.

July 22, 1934 - Jews are prohibited from getting legal qualifications.

August 2, 1934 - German President von Hindenburg dies. Hitler becomes Führer.

August 19, 1934 - Hitler receives a 90 percent 'Yes' vote from German voters approving his new powers.



1935

May 21, 1935 - Nazis ban Jews from serving in the military.

June 26, 1935 - Nazis pass law allowing forced abortions on women to prevent them from passing on hereditary diseases.

August 6, 1935 - Nazis force Jewish performers/artists to join Jewish Cultural Unions.

September 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed.



1936

February 10, 1936 - The German Gestapo is placed above the law.

In March - SS Deathshead division is established to guard concentration camps.

March 7, 1936 - Nazis occupy the Rhineland.

June 17, 1936 - Heinrich Himmler is appointed chief of the German Police.

August 1, 1936 - Olympic games begin in Berlin. Hitler and top Nazis seek to gain legitimacy through favorable public opinion from foreign visitors and thus temporarily refrain from actions against Jews.

In August - Nazis set up an Office for Combating Homosexuality and Abortions (by healthy women).



1937

In January - Jews are banned from many professional occupations including teaching Germans, and from being accountants or dentists. They are also denied tax reductions and child allowances.

November 8, 1937 - 'Eternal Jew' travelling exhibition opens in Munich.



1938 Return to Top of Page

March 12/13, 1938 - Nazi troops enter Austria, which has a population of 200,000 Jews, mainly living in Vienna. Hitler announces Anschluss (union) with Austria.

In March - After the Anschluss, the SS is placed in charge of Jewish affairs in Austria with Adolf Eichmann establishing an Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna. Himmler then establishes Mauthausen concentration camp near Linz.

April 22, 1938 - Nazis prohibit Aryan 'front-ownership' of Jewish businesses.

April 26, 1938 - Nazis order Jews to register wealth and property.

June 14, 1938 - Nazis order Jewish-owned businesses to register.

In July - At Evian, France, the U.S. convenes a League of Nations conference with delegates from 32 countries to consider helping Jews fleeing Hitler, but results in inaction as no country will accept them.

July 6, 1938 - Nazis prohibited Jews from trading and providing a variety of specified commercial services.

July 23, 1938 - Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply for identity cards from the police, to be shown on demand to any police officer.

July 25, 1938 - Jewish doctors prohibited by law from practicing medicine.

August 11, 1938 - Nazis destroy the synagogue in Nuremberg.

August 17, 1938 - Nazis require Jewish women to add Sarah and men to add Israel to their names on all legal documents including passports.

September 27, 1938 - Jews are prohibited from all legal practices.

October 5, 1938 - Law requires Jewish passports to be stamped with a large red "J."

October 15, 1938 - Nazi troops occupy the Sudetenland.

October 28, 1938 - Nazis arrest 17,000 Jews of Polish nationality living in Germany, then expel them back to Poland which refuses them entry, leaving them in 'No-Man's Land' near the Polish border for several months.

November 7, 1938 - Ernst vom Rath, third secretary in the German Embassy in Paris, is shot and mortally wounded by Herschel Grynszpan, the 17-year-old son of one of the deported Polish Jews. Rath dies on November 9, precipitating Kristallnacht.

November 9/10 - Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass.

November 12, 1938 - Nazis fine Jews one billion marks for damages related to Kristallnacht.

November 15, 1938 - Jewish pupils are expelled from all non-Jewish German schools.

December 3, 1938 - Law for compulsory Aryanization of all Jewish businesses.

December 14, 1938 - Hermann Göring takes charge of resolving the "Jewish Question."



1939 Return to Top of Page

January 24, 1939 - SS leader Reinhard Heydrich is ordered by Göring to speed up the emigration of Jews.

January 30, 1939 - Hitler threatens Jews during Reichstag speech.

February 21, 1939 - Nazis force Jews to hand over all gold and silver items.

March 15/16 - Nazi troops seize Czechoslovakia (Jewish pop. 350,000).

April 19, 1939 - Slovakia passes its own version of the Nuremberg Laws.

April 30, 1939 - Jews lose rights as tenants and are relocated into Jewish houses.

In May - The St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries and returns to Europe.

July 4, 1939 - German Jews denied the right to hold government jobs.

July 21, 1939 - Adolf Eichmann is appointed director of the Prague Office of Jewish Emigration.

September 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop. 3.35 million, the largest in Europe). Beginning of SS activity in Poland.

See also: The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline

September 1, 1939 - Jews in Germany are forbidden to be outdoors after 8 p.m. in winter and 9 p.m. in summer.

September 3, 1939 - Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.

September 4, 1939 - Warsaw is cut off by the German Army.

September 17, 1939 - Soviet troops invade eastern Poland.

September 21, 1939 - Heydrich issues instructions to SS Einsatzgruppen (special action squads) in Poland regarding treatment of Jews, stating they are to be gathered into ghettos near railroads for the future "final goal." He also orders a census and the establishment of Jewish administrative councils within the ghettos to implement Nazi policies and decrees.

September 23, 1939 - German Jews are forbidden to own wireless (radio) sets.

September 27, 1939 - Warsaw surrenders; Heydrich becomes leader of RSHA.

September 29, 1939 - Nazis and Soviets divide up Poland. Over two million Jews reside in Nazi controlled areas, leaving 1.3 million in the Soviet area.

In September - Quote from Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer, published by Julius Streicher - "The Jewish people ought to be exterminated root and branch. Then the plague of pests would have disappeared in Poland at one stroke."

In October - Nazis begin euthanasia on sick and disabled in Germany.

October 6, 1939 - Proclamation by Hitler on the isolation of Jews.

October 12, 1939 - Evacuation of Jews from Vienna.

October 12, 1939 - Hans Frank appointed Nazi Gauleiter (governor) of Poland.

October 26, 1939 - Forced labor decree issued for Polish Jews aged 14 to 60.

November 23, 1939 - Yellow stars required to be worn by Polish Jews over age 10.

In December - Adolf Eichmann takes over section IV B4 of the Gestapo dealing solely with Jewish affairs and evacuations.



1940 Return to Top of Page

January 25, 1940 - Nazis choose the town of Oswiecim (Auschwitz) in Poland near Krakow as the site of a new concentration camp.

In January - Quote from Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer, published by Julius Streicher - "The time is near when a machine will go into motion which is going to prepare a grave for the world's criminal - Judah - from which there will be no resurrection."

February 12, 1940 - First deportation of German Jews into occupied Poland.

April 9, 1940 - Nazis invade Denmark (Jewish pop. 8,000) and Norway (Jewish pop. 2,000).

April 30, 1940 - The Lodz Ghetto in occupied Poland is sealed off from the outside world with 230,000 Jews locked inside.

May 1, 1940 - Rudolf Höss is chosen to be kommandant of Auschwitz.

May 10, 1940 - Nazis invade France (Jewish pop. 350,000), Belgium (Jewish pop. 65,000), Holland (Jewish pop. 140,000), and Luxembourg (Jewish pop. 3,500).

June 14, 1940 - Paris is occupied by the Nazis.

June 22, 1940 - France signs an armistice with Hitler.

In July - Eichmann's Madagascar Plan is presented, proposing to deport all European Jews to the island of Madagascar, off the coast of east Africa.

July 17, 1940 - The first anti-Jewish measures are taken in Vichy France.

August 8, 1940 - Romania introduces anti-Jewish measures restricting education and employment, then later begins "Romanianization" of Jewish businesses.

September 27, 1940 - Tripartite (Axis) Pact signed by Germany, Italy and Japan.

October 3, 1940 - Vichy France passes its own version of the Nuremberg Laws.

October 7, 1940 - Nazis invade Romania (Jewish pop. 34,000).

October 22, 1940 - Deportation of 29,000 German Jews from Baden, the Saar, and Alsace-Lorraine into Vichy France.

In November - Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia become Nazi Allies.

In November - The Krakow Ghetto is sealed off containing 70,000 Jews.

November 15, 1940 - The Warsaw Ghetto, containing over 400,000 Jews, is sealed off.



1941 Return to Top of Page

In 1941 - Hans Frank, Gauleiter of Poland, states, "I ask nothing of the Jews except that they should disappear."

In January - Quote from Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer, published by Julius Streicher - "Now judgment has begun and it will reach its conclusion only when knowledge of the Jews has been erased from the earth."

In January - A pogrom in Romania results in over 2,000 Jews killed.

February 22, 1941 - 430 Jewish hostages are deported from Amsterdam after a Dutch Nazi is killed by Jews.

In March - Hitler's Commissar Order authorizes execution of anyone suspected of being a Communist official in territories about to be seized from Soviet Russia.

March 1, 1941 - Himmler makes his first visit to Auschwitz, during which he orders Kommandant Höss to begin massive expansion, including a new compound to be built at nearby Birkenau that can hold 100,000 prisoners.

March 2, 1941 - Nazis occupy Bulgaria (Jewish pop. 50,000).

March 7, 1941 - German Jews ordered into forced labor.

March 26, 1941 - The German Army High Command gives approval to RSHA and Heydrich on the tasks of SS murder squads (Einsatzgruppen) in occupied Poland.

March 29, 1941 - A 'Commissariat' for Jewish Affairs is set up in Vichy France.

April 6, 1941 - Nazis invade Yugoslavia (Jewish pop. 75,000) and Greece (Jewish pop. 77,000).

May 14, 1941 - 3,600 Jews arrested in Paris.

May 16, 1941 - French Marshal Petain issues a radio broadcast approving collaboration with Hitler.

June 22, 1941 - Nazis invade Russia (Jewish pop. 3 million).

June 29/30 - Romanian troops conduct a pogrom against Jews in the town of Jassy, killing 10,000.

Summer - Himmler summons Auschwitz Kommandant Höss to Berlin and tells him, "The Führer has ordered the Final Solution of the Jewish question. We, the SS, have to carry out this order...I have therefore chosen Auschwitz for this purpose."

In July - As the German Army advances, SS Einsatzgruppen follow along and conduct mass murder of Jews in seized lands.

In July - Ghettos established at Kovno, Minsk, Vitebsk and Zhitomer. Also in July, the government of Vichy France seizes Jewish owned property.

July 17, 1941 - Nazi racial 'philosopher' Alfred Rosenberg is appointed Reich Minister for the Eastern Occupied Territories to administer territories seized from the Soviet Union.

July 21, 1941 - In occupied Poland near Lublin, Majdanek concentration camp becomes operational.

July 25/26 - 3,800 Jews killed during a pogrom by Lithuanians in Kovno.

July 31, 1941 - Göring instructs Heydrich to prepare for Final Solution.

In August - Jews in Romania forced into Transnistria. By December, 70,000 perish.

In August - Ghettos established at Bialystok and Lvov.

August 26, 1941 - The Hungarian Army rounds up 18,000 Jews at Kamenets-Podolsk.

September 3, 1941 - The first test use of Zyklon-B gas at Auschwitz.

September 1, 1941 - German Jews ordered to wear yellow stars.

September 6, 1941 - The Vilna Ghetto is established containing 40,000 Jews.

September 17, 1941 - Beginning of general deportation of German Jews.

September 19, 1941 - Nazis take Kiev.

September 27/28 - 23,000 Jews killed at Kamenets-Podolsk, in the Ukraine.

September 29/30 - SS Einsatzgruppen murder 33,771 Jews at Babi Yar near Kiev.

In October - 35,000 Jews from Odessa shot.

October 2, 1941 - Beginning of the German Army drive on Moscow.

October 23, 1941 - Nazis forbid emigration of Jews from the Reich.

In November - SS Einsatzgruppe B reports a tally of 45,476 Jews killed.

November 24, 1941 - Theresienstadt Ghetto is established near Prague, Czechoslovakia. The Nazis will use it as a model ghetto for propaganda purposes.

November 30, 1941 - Near Riga, a mass shooting of Latvian and German Jews.

December 7, 1941 - Japanese attack United States at Pearl Harbor. The next day the U.S. and Great Britain declare war on Japan.

December 8, 1941 - In occupied Poland, near Lodz, Chelmno extermination camp becomes operational. Jews taken there are placed in mobile gas vans and driven to a burial place while carbon monoxide from the engine exhaust is fed into the sealed rear compartment, killing them. The first gassing victims include 5,000 Gypsies who had been deported from the Reich to Lodz.

December 11, 1941 - Hitler declares war on the United States. President Roosevelt then asks Congress for a declaration of war on Germany saying, "Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty and civilization." The U.S.A. then enters the war in Europe and will concentrate nearly 90 percent of its military resources to defeat Hitler.

December 12, 1941 - The ship "Struma" leaves Romania for Palestine carrying 769 Jews but is later denied permission by British authorities to allow the passengers to disembark. In February 1942, it sails back into the Black Sea where it is intercepted by a Russian submarine and sunk as an "enemy target."

December 16, 1941 - During a cabinet meeting, Hans Frank, Gauleiter of Poland, states - "Gentlemen, I must ask you to rid yourselves of all feeling of pity. We must annihilate the Jews wherever we find them and wherever it is possible in order to maintain there the structure of the Reich as a whole..."



1942 Return to Top of Page

In January - Mass killings of Jews using Zyklon-B begin at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Bunker I (the red farmhouse) in Birkenau with the bodies being buried in mass graves in a nearby meadow.

January 20, 1942 - Wannsee Conference to coordinate the "Final Solution."

January 31, 1942 - SS Einsatzgruppe A reports a tally of 229,052 Jews killed.

In March - In occupied Poland, Belzec extermination camp becomes operational. The camp is fitted with permanent gas chambers using carbon monoxide piped in from engines placed outside the chamber, but will later substitute Zyklon-B.

March 17, 1942 - The deportation of Jews from Lublin to Belzec.

March 24, 1942 - The start of deportation of Slovak Jews to Auschwitz.

March 27, 1942 - The start of deportation of French Jews to Auschwitz.

March 28, 1942 - Fritz Sauckel named Chief of Manpower to expedite recruitment of slave labor.

March 30, 1942 - First trainloads of Jews from Paris arrive at Auschwitz.

In April - First transports of Jews arrive at Majdanek.

April 20, 1942 - German Jews are banned from using public transportation.

In May - In occupied Poland, Sobibor extermination camp becomes operational. The camp is fitted with three gas chambers using carbon monoxide piped in from engines, but will later substitute Zyklon-B.

May 18, 1942 - The New York Times reports on an inside page that Nazis have machine-gunned over 100,000 Jews in the Baltic states, 100,000 in Poland and twice as many in western Russia.

May 27, 1942 - SS leader Heydrich is mortally wounded by Czech Underground agents.

In June - Gas vans used in Riga.

June 1, 1942 - Jews in France, Holland, Belgium, Croatia, Slovakia, Romania ordered to wear yellow stars.

June 4, 1942 - Heydrich dies of his wounds.

June 5, 1942 - SS report 97,000 persons have been "processed" in mobile gas vans.

June 10, 1942 - Nazis liquidate Lidice in retaliation for Heydrich's death.

June 11, 1942 - Eichmann meets with representatives from France, Belgium and Holland to coordinate deportation plans for Jews.

June 30, 1942 - At Auschwitz, a second gas chamber, Bunker II (the white farmhouse), is made operational at Birkenau due to the number of Jews arriving.

June 30 and July 2 - The New York Times reports via the London Daily Telegraph that over 1,000,000 Jews have already been killed by Nazis.

Summer - Swiss representatives of the World Jewish Congress receive information from a German industrialist regarding the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jews. They then pass the information on to London and Washington.

July 2, 1942 - Jews from Berlin sent to Theresienstadt.

July 7, 1942 - Himmler grants permission for sterilization experiments at Auschwitz.

July 14, 1942 - Beginning of deportation of Dutch Jews to Auschwitz.

July 16/17 - 12,887 Jews of Paris are rounded up and sent to Drancy Internment Camp located outside the city. A total of approximately 74,000 Jews, including 11,000 children, will eventually be transported from Drancy to Auschwitz, Majdanek and Sobibor.

July 17/18 - Himmler visits Auschwitz-Birkenau for two days, inspecting all ongoing construction and expansion, then observes the extermination process from start to finish as two trainloads of Jews arrive from Holland. Kommandant Höss is then promoted. Construction includes four large gas chamber/crematories.

July 19, 1942 - Himmler orders Operation Reinhard, mass deportations of Jews in Poland to extermination camps.

July 22, 1942 - Beginning of deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto to the new extermination camp, Treblinka. Also, beginning of the deportation of Belgian Jews to Auschwitz.

July 23, 1942 - Treblinka extermination camp opened in occupied Poland, east of Warsaw. The camp is fitted with two buildings containing 10 gas chambers, each holding 200 persons. Carbon monoxide gas is piped in from engines placed outside the chamber, but Zyklon-B will later be substituted. Bodies are burned in open pits.

In August - The start of deportations of Croatian Jews to Auschwitz.

August 23, 1942 - Beginning of German Army attack on Stalingrad in Russia.

August 26-28 - 7,000 Jews arrested in unoccupied France.

September 9, 1942 - Open pit burning of bodies begins at Auschwitz in place of burial. The decision is made to dig up and burn those already buried, 107,000 corpses, to prevent fouling of ground water.

September 18, 1942 - Reduction of food rations for Jews in Germany.

September 26, 1942 - SS begins cashing in possessions and valuables of Jews from Auschwitz and Majdanek. German banknotes are sent to the Reichs Bank. Foreign currency, gold, jewels and other valuables are sent to SS Headquarters of the Economic Administration. Watches, clocks and pens are distributed to troops at the front. Clothing is distributed to German families. By February 1943, over 800 boxcars of confiscated goods will have left Auschwitz.

October 5, 1942 - Himmler orders all Jews in concentration camps in Germany to be sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek.

October 5, 1942 - A German eyewitness observes SS mass murder.

October 14, 1942 - Mass killing of Jews from Mizocz Ghetto in the Ukraine.

October 22, 1942 - SS put down a revolt at Sachsenhausen by a group of Jews about to be sent to Auschwitz.

October 25, 1942 - Deportations of Jews from Norway to Auschwitz begin.

October 28, 1942 - The first transport from Theresienstadt arrives at Auschwitz.

In November - The mass killing of 170,000 Jews in the area of Bialystok.

December 10, 1942 - The first transport of Jews from Germany arrives at Auschwitz.

In December - Exterminations at Belzec cease after an estimated 600,000 Jews have been murdered. The camp is then dismantled, plowed over and planted.

December 17, 1942 - British Foreign Secretary Eden tells the British House of Commons the Nazis are "now carrying into effect Hitler's oft repeated intention to exterminate the Jewish people of Europe." The U.S. declares those crimes will be avenged.

December 28, 1942 - Sterilization experiments on women at Birkenau begin.

Map of Concentration/Death Camps



1943 Return to Top of Page

In 1943 - The number of Jews killed by SS Einsatzgruppen passes one million. Nazis then use special units of slave laborers to dig up and burn the bodies to remove all traces.

January 18, 1943 - First resistance by Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto.

January 29, 1943 - Nazis order all Gypsies arrested and sent to extermination camps.

January 30, 1943 - Ernst Kaltenbrunner succeeds Heydrich as head of RSHA.

In February - The Romanian government proposes to the Allies the transfer of 70,000 Jews to Palestine, but receives no response from Britain or the U.S.

In February - Greek Jews are ordered into ghettos.

February 2, 1943 - Germans surrender to Russian troops at Stalingrad in the first big defeat of Hitler's armies.

February 27, 1943 - Jews working in Berlin armaments industry are sent to Auschwitz.

In March - The start of deportations of Jews from Greece to Auschwitz, lasting until August, totaling 49,900 persons.

March 1, 1943 - In New York, American Jews hold a mass rally at Madison Square Garden to pressure the U.S. government into helping the Jews of Europe.

March 14, 1943 - The Krakow Ghetto is liquidated.

March 17, 1943 - Bulgaria states opposition to deportation of its Jews.

March 22, 1943 - Newly built gas chamber/crematory IV opens at Auschwitz.

March 31, 1943 - Newly built gas chamber/crematory II opens at Auschwitz.

April 4, 1943 - Newly built gas chamber/crematory V opens at Auschwitz.

April 9, 1943 - Exterminations at Chelmno cease. The camp will be reactivated in the spring of 1944 to liquidate ghettos. In all, Chelmno will total 300,000 deaths.

April 19-30 - The Bermuda Conference occurs as representatives from the United States and Britain discuss the problem of refugees from Nazi-occupied countries, but results in inaction concerning the plight of the Jews.

April 19, 1943 - Waffen-SS attacks Jewish Resistance in Warsaw Ghetto.

In May - SS Dr. Josef Mengele arrives at Auschwitz.

May 13, 1943 - German and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to Allies.

May 19, 1943 - Nazis declare Berlin to be Judenfrei (cleansed of Jews).

June 11, 1943 - Himmler orders liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland.

June 25, 1943 - Newly built gas chamber/crematory III opens at Auschwitz. With its completion, the four new crematories at Auschwitz have a daily capacity of 4,756 bodies.

July 9/10 - Allied troops land in Sicily.

August 2, 1943 - Two hundred Jews escape from Treblinka extermination camp during a revolt. Nazis then hunt them down one by one.

August 16, 1943 - The Bialystok Ghetto is liquidated.

In August - Exterminations cease at Treblinka, after an estimated 870,000 deaths.

In September - The Vilna and Minsk Ghettos are liquidated.

September 11, 1943 - Germans occupy Rome, after occupying northern and central Italy, containing in all about 35,000 Jews.

September 11, 1943 - Beginning of Jewish family transports from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz.

In October - The Danish Underground helps transport 7,220 Danish Jews to safety in Sweden by sea.

October 4 - Himmler talks openly about the Final Solution at Posen.

October 14, 1943 - Massive escape from Sobibor as Jews and Soviet POWs break out, with 300 making it safely into nearby woods. Of those 300, fifty will survive. Exterminations then cease at Sobibor, after over 250,000 deaths. All traces of the death camp are then removed and trees are planted.

October 16, 1943 - Jews in Rome rounded up, with over 1,000 sent to Auschwitz.

In November - The Riga Ghetto is liquidated.

In November - The U.S. Congress holds hearings regarding the U.S. State Department's inaction regarding European Jews, despite mounting reports of mass extermination.

November 3, 1943 - Nazis carry out Operation Harvest Festival in occupied Poland, killing 42,000 Jews.

November 4, 1943 - Quote from Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer, published by Julius Streicher - "It is actually true that the Jews have, so to speak, disappeared from Europe and that the Jewish 'Reservoir of the East' from which the Jewish pestilence has for centuries beset the peoples of Europe has ceased to exist. But the Führer of the German people at the beginning of the war prophesied what has now come to pass."

November 11, 1943 - Auschwitz Kommandant Höss is promoted to chief inspector of concentration camps. The new kommandant, Liebehenschel, then divides up the vast Auschwitz complex of over 30 sub-camps into three main sections.

December 2, 1943 - The first transport of Jews from Vienna arrives at Auschwitz.

December 16, 1943 - The chief surgeon at Auschwitz reports that 106 castration operations have been performed.



1944 Return to Top of Page

January 3, 1944 - Russian troops reach former Polish border.

January 24, 1944 - In response to political pressure to help Jews under Nazi control, President Roosevelt creates the War Refugee Board.

January 25, 1944 - Diary entry by Hans Frank, Gauleiter of Poland, concerning the fate of 2.5 million Jews originally under his jurisdiction - "At the present time we still have in the General Government perhaps 100,000 Jews."

In February - Eichmann visits Auschwitz.

March 19, 1944 - Nazis occupy Hungary (Jewish pop. 725,000). Eichmann arrives with Gestapo "Special Section Commandos."

March 24, 1944 - President Roosevelt issues a statement condemning German and Japanese ongoing "crimes against humanity."

April 5, 1944 - A Jewish inmate, Siegfried Lederer, escapes from Auschwitz-Birkenau and makes it safely to Czechoslovakia. He then warns the Elders of the Council at Theresienstadt about Auschwitz.

April 6, 1944 - Nazis raid a French home for Jewish children.

April 7, 1944 - Two Jewish inmates escape from Auschwitz-Birkenau and make it safely to Czechoslovakia. One of them, Rudolf Vrba, submits a report to the Papal Nuncio in Slovakia which is forwarded to the Vatican, received there in mid June.

April 14, 1944 - First transports of Jews from Athens to Auschwitz, totaling 5,200 persons.

In May - Himmler's agents secretly propose to the Western Allies to trade Jews for trucks, other commodities or money.

May 8, 1944 - Rudolf Höss returns to Auschwitz, ordered by Himmler to oversee the extermination of Hungarian Jews.

May 15, 1944 - Beginning of the deportation of Jews from Hungary to Auschwitz.

May 16, 1944 - Jews from Hungary arrive at Auschwitz. Eichmann arrives to personally oversee and speed up the extermination process. By May 24, an estimated 100,000 have been gassed. Between May 16 and May 31, the SS report collecting 88 pounds of gold and white metal from the teeth of those gassed. By the end of June, 381,661 persons - half of the Jews in Hungary - arrive at Auschwitz.

In June - A Red Cross delegation visits Theresienstadt after the Nazis have carefully prepared the camp and the Jewish inmates, resulting in a favorable report.

June 6, 1944 - D-Day: Allied landings in Normandy on the coast of northern France.

June 12, 1944 - Rosenberg orders Hay Action, the kidnapping of 40,000 Polish children aged ten to fourteen for slave labor in the Reich.

Summer - Auschwitz-Birkenau records its highest-ever daily number of persons gassed and burned at just over 9,000. Six huge pits are used to burn bodies, as the number exceeds the capacity of the crematories.

In July - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg arrives in Budapest, Hungary, and proceeds to save nearly 33,000 Jews by issuing diplomatic papers and establishing 'safe houses.'

July 24, 1944 - Russian troops liberate the first concentration camp, at Majdanek where over 360,000 had been murdered.

August 4, 1944 - Anne Frank and family are arrested by the Gestapo in Amsterdam, then sent to Auschwitz. Anne and her sister Margot are later sent to Bergen-Belsen where Anne dies of typhus on March 15, 1945.

August 6, 1944 - Lodz, the last Jewish ghetto in Poland, is liquidated with 60,000 Jews sent to Auschwitz.

October 7, 1944 - A revolt by Sonderkommando (Jewish slave laborers) at Auschwitz-Birkenau results in complete destruction of Crematory IV.

October 15, 1944 - Nazis seize control of the Hungarian puppet government, then resume deporting Jews, which had temporarily ceased due to international political pressure to stop Jewish persecutions.

October 17, 1944 - Eichmann arrives in Hungary.

October 28, 1944 - The last transport of Jews to be gassed, 2,000 from Theresienstadt, arrives at Auschwitz.

October 30, 1944 - Last use of the gas chambers at Auschwitz.

November 8, 1944 - Nazis force 25,000 Jews to walk over 100 miles in rain and snow from Budapest to the Austrian border, followed by a second forced march of 50,000 persons, ending at Mauthausen.

November 25, 1944 - Himmler orders destruction of the crematories at Auschwitz.

Late 1944 - Oskar Schindler saves 1200 Jews by moving them from Plaszow labor camp to his hometown of Brunnlitz.



1945 Return to Top of Page

In 1945 - As Allied troops advance, the Nazis conduct death marches of concentration camp inmates away from outlying areas.

January 6, 1945 - Russians liberate Budapest, freeing over 80,000 Jews.

January 14, 1945 - Invasion of eastern Germany by Russian troops.

January 17, 1945 - Liberation of Warsaw by the Russians.

January 18, 1945 - Nazis evacuate 66,000 from Auschwitz.

January 27, 1945 - Russian troops liberate Auschwitz. By this time, an estimated 2,000,000 persons, including 1,500,000 Jews, have been murdered there.

April 4, 1945 - Ohrdruf camp is liberated, later visited by General Eisenhower.

April 10, 1945 - Allies liberate Buchenwald.

April 15, 1945 - Approximately 40,000 prisoners freed at Bergen-Belsen by the British, who report "both inside and outside the huts was a carpet of dead bodies, human excreta, rags and filth."

April 23, 1945 - Berlin is reached by Russian troops.

April 29, 1945 - U.S. 7th Army liberates Dachau.

April 30, 1945 - Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker.

April 30, 1945 - Americans free 33,000 inmates from concentration camps.

May 2, 1945 - Theresienstadt taken over by the Red Cross.

May 5, 1945 - Mauthausen liberated.

May 7, 1945 - Unconditional German surrender signed by General Alfred Jodl at Reims.

May 9, 1945 - Hermann Göring captured by members of U.S. 7th Army.

May 23, 1945 - SS-Reichsführer Himmler commits suicide while in British custody.

November 20, 1945 - Opening of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal.

Holocaust Statistics



1946 Return to Top of Page

March 11, 1946 - Former Auschwitz Kommandant Höss, posing as a farm worker, is arrested by the British. He testifies at Nuremberg, then is later tried in Warsaw, found guilty and hanged at Auschwitz, April 16, 1947, near Crematory I. "History will mark me as the greatest mass murderer of all time," Höss writes while in prison, along with his memoirs about Auschwitz.

October 16, 1946 - Göring commits suicide two hours before the scheduled execution of the first group of major Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg. During his imprisonment, a (now repentant) Hans Frank states, "A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased." Frank and the others are hanged and the bodies are brought to Dachau and burned (the final use of the crematories there) with the ashes then scattered into a river.

December 9, 1946 - 23 former SS doctors and scientists go on trial before a U.S. Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Sixteen are found guilty, with 7 hanged.

1947

September 15, 1947 - Twenty one former SS-Einsatz leaders go on trial before a U.S. Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Fourteen are sentenced to death, with only 4 (the group commanders) actually being executed - the other death sentences having been commuted.

1960

May 11, 1960 - Adolf Eichmann is captured in Argentina by the Israeli secret service.

1961

April 11 - August 14 - Eichmann on trial in Jerusalem for crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Found guilty and hanged at Ramleh on May 31, 1962. A fellow Nazi reported Eichmann once said "he would leap laughing into the grave because the feeling that he had five million people on his conscience would be for him a source of extraordinary satisfaction."



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Le Népal : en Bref

Un pays plein de mystique, plein de culture et avec une nature époustouflante...
Les différentes ethnies du Népal avec leurs cultures différentes (par exemple les ethnies de l’origine mongolien, les ethnies de l’origine indo-aryennes et les newar) donnent au Népal une authenticité et une couleur unique. Le Népal, un pays de l’Himalaya qui nous fait rêver, qui nous enchante…. Un pays avec une telle diversité d’ethnies, de langues et de religions sait se profiler a l’extérieur comme un pays assez homogène.

Les Ethnies

Le berceau de la culture népalaise se trouve dans la vallée de Katmandou, d’originaire habite par les Newar. Petit à petit d’autres ethnies sont venues s’installer en apportant leurs coutumes et leurs religions, des mythes et des légendes qui ont inspirées des artisans résidents dans la vallée.

Les Religions.

Au Népal, on retrouve une grande diversité de religions dont l’hindouisme et le bouddhisme sont les plus prééminents. L’hindouisme étant introduit par les Indo-aryennes et le bouddhisme introduit par les ethnies mongoliennes coexiste paisiblement. L’Hindouisme, un panthéisme de dieux et déesses innombrables qui nous racontent un tas de merveilles mais aussi nous enseigne comment vivre paisiblement, a donnée naissance au bouddhisme. Bouddha-le prince hindui Siddharta Gautama -est le fondateur du bouddhisme. Savez-vous-le ? Bouddha est né à Lumbini, Népal (maintenant site de l’Héritage du monde de l’Unesco). La première Stupa (monument religieux bouddhiste) a été construit au Népal.
A côté de ces religions majeures on trouve entre autres l’Islam, le shaktisme, le tantrisme,…Pour vous donner une idée, quelques chiffres : 80,6%de la population sont hindou, 10,7% bouddhiste, 4,2% musulmans.
Les religions ont donné naissance à un tas de majeures célébrations comme Dashain, Dipawali. Holi, les rites de fertilité, les rites de mariage, le rituel de mort etc. On peut dire que la religion prend encore une place très importante dans la vie d’un Népalais.



La naissance de Katmandou, une merveilleuse légende.



Le destin du pays est souvent déterminé par la nature et les dieux. A l’origine de la vallée de Katmandou il y a une mythe merveilleuse.
Au début, la vallée était un lac. Au milieu du lac, une feuille de lotus était germée.
Au dessus du lotus s’asseyait le Adibouddha qui se proclamait comme Swayambhu.(celui qui existe par soi même)
Le Bodhisatva Manjushri étant venu de la Chine pour lui rendre hommage, coupait avec son épée la montagne au sud du lac en deux. Comme ca l’eau du lac pouvait s’écouler et par conséquence la vallée devenait habitable.
Selon la légende l’écart se trouve à Chobar, ou la rivière sacre le Bagmati coule.
Manjushri restait dans la vallée pour aider les fermiers s’installer. Le premier peuplement s’étendait de Swayambhu jusqu’au temple actuel de Pashupatinath.
Le compagnon de Manjushri,Dharmakara devenait le premier roi de cette ville qui a été appelée Manjupattana, selon le Bodhisatva. Même maintenant encore les bouddhistes vénèrent l’Adibouddha à Swayambhu. Comme vous avez déjà pu comprendre, ceci est une légende bouddhiste mais les Hindus croient que la vallée a été construite par le dieu hindu Krishna qui a lance un coup de tonnerre creant la crevasse a Chobar.



Symboles nationaux
La fleur nationale du Népal s’appelle « Laliguras » ou bien le rhododendron. Le rhododendron fleurit au dessus des altitudes de 1200 m. Les rhododendrons rouges qui fleurissent contre le blanc du Sagarmatha évoquent des émotions profondes.

Signification du drapeau
Le drapeau du Népal est le seul drapeau national qui n'est pas rectangulaire, reposant sur deux fanions séparés qui appartenaient à des branches rivales de la dynastie Rana, qui autrefois dirigeait le pays. Les deux fanions ont d'abord été rejoints dans le siècle dernier, mais il n'a pas été adopté comme drapeau officiel jusqu'en 1962, quand une forme de gouvernement constitutionnel a été créée.
La lune dans la partie supérieure représente la maison royale. Le soleil dans la partie inférieure symbolise une branche de la famille Rana, dont les membres ont agi en tant que premiers ministres jusqu'en 1961.

La bordure bleue symbolise la paix et l'harmonie qui a été répandue dans le pays depuis l'âge de Gautama Bouddha, qui est né au Népal. Le rouge pourpre est la couleur nationale du Népal, et il indique les esprits courageux du peuple népalais. Les deux triangles symbolisent les montagnes de l'Himalaya et représentent les deux grandes religions, l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme. Le drapeau rouge triangulaire a été un symbole hindou de la victoire depuis le temps de Ramayana et Mahabharata. La représentation des corps célestes représente la permanence, l'espoir que le Népal durera aussi longtemps que le soleil et la lune. La lune symbolise le fait que les Népalais sont apaisants et calme, tandis que le soleil symbolise la détermination passionnante. La lune symbolise aussi les ombres et les températures froides de l'Himalaya, alors que le soleil symbolise la chaleur et la température élevée à la partie inférieure (Teraï) du Népal. Une autre interprétation: la forme du drapeau symbolise une pagode népalaise. Mettre un miroir sur le côté du pavillon le plus proche de la hampe va générer une image d'une pagode.

L’animal national de Nepal

L’animal national du Népal est la vache car elle est surtout révérée en hindouisme. Le 3ieme jour de Tihar, on révère la vache en mettant une Tika sur le front et une guirlande autour du cou. La vache est aussi symbole de la fortune.

Patrimoine mondial

On retrouve un partitionne culturel impressionnant des temples hindouistes et bouddhistes qui sont reconnus comme patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco.

Népal est doué de sites étonnants et uniques. Il y a au total dix sites du patrimoine mondial au Népal, dont sept sont à Katmandou lui-même. La liste comprend à la fois naturelle ainsi que des sites culturels.

Sites culturels
Le patrimoine culturel de la vallée de Katmandou est illustré par sept ensembles de monuments et bâtiments qui présentent l'éventail complet des réalisations historiques et artistiques pour lesquelles la Vallée de Katmandou est mondialement célèbre. Les sept sites comprennent les places Durbar de Hanuman Dhoka (Katmandou), Patan et Bhaktapur, les stupas bouddhistes de Swayambhu et Bauddhanath, et les temples hindous de Pashupati et de Changu Narayan.


Durbar Square à Katmandou

Annoncé comme l'un des huit sites du patrimoine mondial culturel par l'UNESCO, Katmandou Durbar Square est un ensemble de temples antiques, des palais, des cours et des rues qui datent des 12 ème et 18 ème siècles. Le carré est connu pour être le point de vue social, religieux et urbain central de la capitale. Le complexe du palais était la résidence royale népalaise jusqu'à ce que le 19ème siècle et est le site de cérémonies importantes, telles que le couronnement du monarque népalais.


Durbar Square Patan

Patan Durbar Square, situé dans le centre de la ville de Patan, également connu sous le nom Lalitpur, abrite la résidence de la famille royale de Patan ancien. Patan Square et ses environs sont témoins de l'architecture antique newari. Il ya trois cours principales dans le palais: Mul Chowk, Sundari Chowk et Keshav Narayan Chowk. Mul Chowk, la plus ancienne, est au centre de la place de Patan


Durbar Square Bhaktapur

Bhaktapur Durbar Square est un assortiment de pagodes et de temples de style shikhara regroupés autour d'un palais de cinquante-cinq fenêtres de la brique et le bois. La place fait partie d'une charmante vallée, car elle souligne les idoles des anciens rois perché au sommet de monolithes de pierre, les divinités tutélaires regardant de leurs sanctuaires, les sculptures sur bois en place très - entretoises, linteaux, les tympans, les portails et fenêtres - tous semblent former une symphonie bien orchestrée.


Temple Narayan Changu
Changu Narayan Temple, le temple le plus ancien dans la vallée de Katmandou est venu en existence au 4ème siècle. Le temple est orné de quelques uns des meilleurs spécimens de la pierre, du bois, de métal et de l'artisanat dans la vallée. Le temple se tient comme la quintessence de la culture, la religion, l'histoire et la foi de la vallée Katmandou le temple Changunarayan est une statue de Garuda. La statue est offerte des bonbons par les fidèles chaque année sur Nag Panchami. Ceci est fait en souvenir de la lutte épique avec le grand Taksaka serpent.



Swayambhunath
Le temple bouddhiste de Swayambhunath, situé sur le sommet d'une colline, à l'ouest de Katmandou, est l'un des symboles les plus populaires, saint et immédiatement reconnaissable du Népal. Le temple est familièrement appelé «temple de singe" en raison de la grande tribu de nomades singes qui gardent le temple. Swayambhunath Stupa est une flèche d'or couronnant une colline conique boisée. Il est le plus ancien et énigmatique de tous les lieux saints de la vallée de Katmandou. Il a une haute coupole blanche et une flèche étincelante d'or qui sont visibles de tous les côtés de la vallée



Pashupatinath Temple
Pashupatinath Temple, avec sa beauté architecturale étonnante, est un symbole de la foi, la religion, la culture et la tradition. Considéré comme le temple le plus sacré des hindous Shiva de Seigneur dans le monde, l'existence Pashupatinath Temple remonte à 400 après JC Les maisons pagode richement orné le linga sacré ou symbole phallique du dieu Shiva. Des milliers de pèlerins venus du monde entier venus pour rendre hommage à ce temple, qui est également connu comme «Le Temple des êtres vivants».



Lumbini
Lumbini, lieu de naissance de Bouddha, est le centre de la foi sainte pour les millions de bouddhistes dans le monde entier. Situé dans le sud-ouest du Népal, Lumbini est titulaire de plusieurs rappels de Bouddha. L'un des plus importants sites historiques au Népal est doté par la nature d'une beauté naturelle riche. Le jardin est avant tout d'attraction du tourisme Lumbini. Le fait que le Seigneur Bouddha avait pris naissance à Lumbini Garden fait une place de révérence.


Bouddhanath Stupa
Bouddhanath Stupa, le plus grand stupa au Népal, se trouve à environ 7 km à l'est de la capitale. Le stupa Bouddhanath, également appelé par beaucoup comme Khasti Chitya, est l'un des plus anciens stupas dans le pays. Après 1959, de nombreux Tibétains sont arrivés et se sont installés dans la zone Bouddhanath. Le stupa, un lieu de pèlerinage bouddhiste bien connu, est inclus dans la liste du patrimoine mondial culturel par l'UNESCO du site. Avec un diamètre d'environ 100m et 40m de hauteur, Buddhanath tient sa place parmi les plus grands stupas dans le monde.



Sites naturels

Les parcs nationaux du Népal inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial des sites sont des zones de montagnes grandioses, des glaciers, des vallées profondes et les vestiges intacts de la région du «Terai». Plusieurs espèces rares, telles que le léopard des neiges, le petit panda, seule corne de rhinocéros asiatique et le tigre du Bengale se trouvent dans ces parcs.

Chitwan National Park
Parc national de Sagarmatha

Sites du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO
La Liste du patrimoine mondial comporte 830 biens faisant partie du patrimoine culturel et naturel que le Comité du patrimoine mondial considère comme ayant une value. Thèse universelle comprenant 644 biens culturels, 162 naturels et 24 biens mixtes. Sur ces 10 sites sont en provenance du Népal lui-même. Sept d'entre eux sont culturels et deux sites naturels.

Certains sites Népal / Biens soumis à la Liste indicative de l'UNESCO
Les premiers complexes de l'architecture médiévale de Panauti (1996)
Tilaurakot, les vestiges archéologiques de l'ancienne Shakya Uni (1996)
architecture grotte de la vallée de Muktinath Mustang (1996)
Le complexe du palais médiéval de Gorkha (1996)
Ramagrama, le stupa relique du Bouddha (1996)

Khokana, le village et son village vernaculaire et la fabrication de moutarde (1996)

A part de cette patrimoine, on pourrait encore ajouter un tas de sites spectaculaires et impressionnantes, par exemple Pokhara et le lac Phewa, l’Annapurna et ses veilles routes de commerce, Ilam avec ses plantages de the…

Signification du nom SAGARMATHA

En court, Sagarmatha est le mot nepalais pour ‘toit du monde’, signifiant l’Everest avec son altitude de 8848 m.
Le propriétaire du restaurant Sagarmatha a choisi ce nom avec l’ambition de vous servir les meilleurs plats du ‘toit du monde’.


Site du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO

Le Mt. Sagarmatha (Everest) et les zones environnantes sont importantes non seulement au Népal, mais aussi au reste du monde. Sa reconnaissance comme parc national depuis 1976 a l'intention de protéger ses propres valeurs culturelles, matérielles et scientifiques.

L'UNESCO a reconnu Parc national de Sagarmatha en tant que site du patrimoine mondial en 1976 que le parc "contient une extrême beauté naturelle et est d'une grande importance esthétique.

Faune
Les créatures qui peuvent être vues dans la visite de la faune du parc sont les suivantes:

Les animaux en voie de disparition: les animaux en voie de disparition résidant dans ce parc sont Snow Léopard, le cerf musqué, « Wild Yak », « Red Panda » et l'ours noir.
Les grands mammifères souvent vu dans le parc sont les Deer Himalaya Tahr et de musc.
D'autres mammifères: autres mammifères incluent l'ours noir himalayen, Jackal, belettes, martres, commune Langur et le Mousehare Himalaya (Pika).
Oiseaux: Le parc est la résidence de plus de 118 espèces d'oiseaux. Les plus courants sont les Faisan Impeyan (Danphe), Redbilled crave à bec rouge, le faisan de sang et à bec jaune Crave à bec rouge.

Flora

Forêts de pins et de pruches se trouve à des altitudes plus basses du parc. Au-dessus de 3500m, les arbres comme le bouleau, rhododendron, de sapins et de genévriers peuvent être vus. Rhododendron montrent couleurs lumineuses dans les saisons du printemps et de mousson. La limite des arbres dans la région est à 4500m. Le bouleau cède la place aux genièvres et de rhododendrons. Le paysage du parc est coupé par de profondes rivières et des glaciers. Elle peut être divisée en quatre zones climatiques:

La Basse-Zone boisée où Juniper, Bouleau, sapins bleus, en bambou, de sapins et Rhododendron cloîtrent

La zone supérieure où la vie des plantes est limitée à lichens et mousses.

La Zone Artic où les plantes arrêtent de grandir.

Activités
Nature Walk
Le parc peut être le mieux connu à pied. Rien ne peut égaler le sens du marcheur d'excitation à la fusion complète avec le monde de la nature par l'observation de la végétation du parc et de la faune.

Trekking
Du Parc national de Sagarmatha, la traînée de trekking à Kala Pathar Peak est le plus populaire, bien que les randonnées à Gokyoand Vallées Chukung ne soient pas moins passionnantes.

Lieux d'intérêt
En dehors de la flore très variée et la faune ainsi que les paysages de montagne impressionnant du parc, il ya des monastères et gommas dans les locaux Parc national de Sagarmatha qui retiennent l'attention des voyageurs. Voici de brèves informations sur ces lieux.

Centre des visiteurs du parc
Il est situé à Mendalphu c.-à-Siège du parc. Pendant votre séjour à Namche Bazar, n'oubliez pas de visiter le musée d'histoire naturelle et du patrimoine culturel.

Thame Gomba
Il est l'un des plus importants centres religieux dans la région. Réputé Mani Rimdu festival est célébré ici en mai.

Khumjung Gomba
En Juin la fête Dumje on observe ici aussi bien que dans les monastères de Namche et Pangboche.

Faits saillants

Merveilleux montagnes, glaciers et de vallées profondes, dominé par le mont Everest, le plus haut sommet du monde (8.848 m).

Plusieurs espèces rares, telles que le léopard des neiges et le petit panda, peuvent être trouvés dans le parc.

La présence des Sherpas, avec leur culture unique, rend le site plus intéressant.

( - Maya Anne, Belgique)